Application Prospect of Integrative Omics in Forensic Identification of Methamphetamine-Associated Psychosis / 法医学杂志

The clinical symptoms and signs of methamphetamine-associated psychosis (MAP) and schizophrenia are highly similar, but the situation is completely different when MAP and schizophrenia patients need to be assessed for criminal responsibility after they comitted a harmful behavior. Therefore, the distinction between the two psychoses is very important in forensic psychiatry. At present, the identification of these two psychoses is mainly dependent on the corresponding criteria such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders Version 3 (CCMD-3). It's challenging to diagnose and distinguish between the two in practical cases due to their similar clinical symptoms and the lack of effective objective indexes. Different from the limitations of single omics, integrative omics intergrates data from multiple dimensions and has been extensively studied in the field of schizophrenia and has achieved some preliminary results. In view of the correlation between MAP and schizophrenia and the potential application value of integrative omics, this paper proposes an integrative omics strategy for MAP pathogenesis and forensic identification, aiming to improve the further understanding of the relationship between the two psychoses and the corresponding pathogenesis. It also provides references for the future exploration of integrative omics in forensic precise identification and effective monitoring and early warning methods.

Family members' experiences of caring for a relative with substance-induced psychosis disorder

Background: When there is a lack of resources in the community to support deinstitutionalisation,family members of a relative diagnosed with substance-induced psychosis disorder (SIPD) are the most affected and vulnerable. Nevertheless, family members' care is still largely unacknowledged in the mental health sector in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, no prior research could be found on family members' experiences caring for a relative with SIPD in Giyani, Limpopo province, South Africa. Objectives: To explore and describe family members' experiences caring for a relative with SIPD. Method: The study employed a qualitative research design using interpretative phenomenological analysis as the research method. Telephonic interviews were conducted and analysed. Eight family members were selected to participate in the study using a purposive sampling technique. Results: The analysis of data led to the emergence of the following themes: family members experienced caring for a relative with SIPD as a destabilising responsibility; they experienced acceptance and support from significant others and the community and solace in prayer. Participants also expressed they experienced a need for support from government structures in order to care for a relative with SIPD. Conclusion: The study's findings highlighted the family members' experiences of caring for a relative with SIPD and the role of the family, community and government structures in caring for an individual with SIPD. It is evident from the challenges experienced that the family members need external interventions to develop healthy coping strategies. Contribution: This study adds knowledge to nursing practice, nursing education and nursing research by promoting effective coping amongst family members caring for a relative with SIPD.

The Psychiatric Effects of Cannabis / 생물치료정신의학

With the recent legalization of recreational cannabis in Canada and 11 states of the U.S., the interest surrounding cannabis use is increasing. However, many people and even clinicians in Korea do not have exact knowledge about the psychiatric consequences of cannabis use. In this narrative review, the characteristics of cannabis, the endocannabinoid system, and the psychiatric consequences of cannabis use were provided. Cannabis contains more than 80 cannabinoids in the native plant. Psychotropic properties of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol are most well studied. The two main receptors are cannabinoid-1 receptor and cannabinoid-2 receptor. Several endocannabinoids, such as anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, act on the receptors as the endogenous ligands. Cannabis influences mood, cognitive functions, and psychomotor functions in acute phase responses, increasing the odds ratio for motor vehicle crashes. Long-term cannabis use is associated with various psychotic outcomes, including the development of schizophrenia, although there is interindividual variability. Cannabis adversely influences learning, memory, and attention. More frequent, persistent, and earlier onset cannabis use is associated with greater cognitive impairment. The chronic cognitive effects of cannabis are complex and controversial. Cannabis has addictive potential, and cannabis use disorder is common. Clinicians should have evidence-based knowledge about the consequences of cannabis use and communicate accurate information about cannabis use and its associated risks to the public.

Psicose e toxicomanias: um estudo psicanalítico / Psychosis and drug addictions: a psychoanalytical study / Psicosis y toxicomanías: un estudio psicoanalítico

Este artigo tem o objetivo de discutir os diferentes modos como o uso de drogas opera em sujeitos de estrutura psicótica. Tomam-se como unidades de análise os conceitos de psicose e de toxicomania na psicanálise freudolacaniana, juntamente com autores atuais que discutem o tema. Enquanto na neurose as toxicomanias operam o rompimento com o gozo fálico, na psicose, elas funcionam de maneira diversa, já que existe uma ruptura, dada de antemão, pois é de estrutura. Por meio de revisão de literatura, constatouse que o uso de drogas na psicose pode operar de três modos distintos: como solução estabilizadora, como suplência à foraclusão do Nome do Pai e como liberação de gozo. Tal discussão permite que se avence na compreensão sobre o número cada vez maior de psicóticos que recorrem ao uso de drogas e lançar luzes sobre a direção do tratamento a ser seguida com esses sujeitos

This article aims to discuss the different ways in which the drug use operates in subjects in a psychotic structure. We take as the unit of analysis the concepts of psychosis and drug addiction in the Freudian-Lacanian psychoanalysis, along with current authors who discuss the theme. While in neurosis, drug addictions operate to break with the phallic Jouissance, in psychosis they work differently, in that there is a break, given beforehand, because it is structural. From the literature review, it was found that the use of drugs in psychosis could operate in three different modes: as a stabilizing solution; as a supplementation to the foreclosure of the 'Name of the Father'; and as a release of Jouissance. Such discussion allows advances in the understanding of an increase in the number of psychotics who resort to using drugs and sheds light on the direction of the treatment to be followed up with those subjects

Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir las diferentes formas en las que el consumo de drogas opera en sujetos de estructura psicótica. Tomamos como unidades de análisis los conceptos de psicosis y de toxicomanía en el psicoanálisis freudo-lacaniano, junto con autores actuales que discuten el tema. Mientras en la neurosis las toxicomanías operan la ruptura con el goce fálico, en la psicosis funcionan de forma diferente, ya que hay una ruptura, dada de antemano, pues es de estructura. A partir de la revisión de la literatura, se constató que el uso de drogas en la psicosis puede funcionar de tres modos diferentes: como una solución estabilizadora; como suplencia a la forclusión del Nombre del Padre; y como liberación de goce. Tal discusión permite avanzar en la comprensión sobre el número cada vez mayor de psicóticos que recurren al uso de drogas y arrojan luz sobre la dirección del tratamiento a seguir con esas personas

4-bromo-2, 5-dimetoxifeniletilamina (2CB) un riesgo en nuestro medio: serie de casos / The risk of 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenylethylamine (2C-B): Case series / 4-bromo-2, 5-dimetoxifeniletilamina (2CB) um risco em nosso meio: série de casos

En Medellín, la prevalencia de consumo de drogas en el último año es del 3.6% y es el grupo de edad más predominante entre los 19 y 29 años. Sin embargo, hay un subregistro relevante sobre el consumo de las nuevas drogas que son vendidas como alternativas legales a las drogas clásicas de abuso. El objetivo de este reporte es mostrar tres casos que muestran las complicaciones cardiovasculares, neurológicas y musculares asociadas con 4-bromo-2,5-dimetoxifeniletilamina (2CB), sustancia conocida en Colombia desde 2007. El consumo de 2CB está en aumento y es prioritario que los profesionales de la salud reconozcan sus riesgos.

The prevalence of drug consumption in Medellin over the last year was 3.6%, where the principal age group was between 19 and 29 years. The phenomenon of the consumption of new drugs being sold as legal alternatives to the classic drugs of abuse has been greatly underreported. The objective of this report is to show three cases with muscular, neurological, and cardiovascular complications associated with 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenylethylamine (2C-B), a substance known in Colombia since 2007. The consumption of 2C-B is on the rise and must become a priority for health professionals due to the risks involved.

Em Medellín, a prevalência de consumo de drogas no último ano é de 3.6% e é o grupo de idade mais predominante entre os 19 e 29 anos. Porém, há um sub-registro relevante sobre o consumo das novas drogas que sao vendidas como alternativas legais às drogas clássicas de abuso. O objetivo deste relatório é mostrar três casos que mostram as complicações cardiovasculares, neurológicas e musculares associadas com 4-bromo-2,5-dimetoxifeniletilamina (2CB), substância conhecida na Colômbia desde 2007. O consumo de 2CB está em aumento e é prioritário que os profissionais da saúde reconheçam seus riscos.

Cannabis y esquizofrenia. Revisión de la literatura de los últimos quince años / Cannabis and schizophrenia. Review of the literature of the last fifteen years

A partir de la promulgación de la Ley 19.172, referida a la regulación del mercado y consumo de marihuana, recientemente aprobada en Uruguay, surgen diferentes preguntas en relación con los efectos de esta norma sobre los pacientes psiquiátricos con un trastorno por consumo de cannabis comórbido, particularmente en el caso de la comorbilidad con esquizofrenia. La prevalencia de la esquizofrenia en la población general es de 0.5 a 1.4 %, con una comorbilidad con consumo de sustancias de aproximadamente el 47 % que, en el caso del consumo de cannabis, oscila entre 13 y 40 %. Los avances en la neurobiología apuntan a una compleja relación entre el sistema endocannabinoide, la esquizofrenia y los cannabinoides exógenos. Los objetivos son conocer, a través de la revisión de la literatura internacional, los avances en cuanto al vínculo entre el cannabis y la esquizofrenia tanto desde el punto de visto clínico como neurobiológico. Se encontraron 130 trabajos con los descriptores utilizados, de los cuales se seleccionaron para este trabajo los 35 de mayor relevancia. El consumo de cannabis podría ser un factor de riesgo para individuos vulnerables a la psicosis. Tendría además un efecto sobre la edad de inicio de la enfermedad y, posiblemente, en su evolución.

Since the enactment of Law 19,172, referring to the regulation of the marijuana market and consumption, recently approved in Uruguay, different questions arise regarding the effects of this rule on psychiatric patients with comorbid cannabis use disorder, particularly in the case of comorbidity with schizophrenia. The prevalence of schizophrenia in the general population is 0.5 to 1.4%, with a comorbidity with substance use of approximately 47% which, in the case of cannabis use, ranges between 13 and 40%. Advances in neurobiology point to a complex relationship between the endocannabinoid system, schizophrenia and exogenous cannabinoids. The objectives are to know, through the review of the international literature, the advances regarding the link between cannabis and schizophrenia both from the clinical and neurobiological point of view. We found 130 papers with the descriptors used, of which the 35 most relevant ones were selected for this work. Cannabis use could be a risk factor for individuals vulnerable to psychosis. It would also have an effect on the age of onset of the disease and, possibly, on its evolution.

Diagnóstico erróneo de psicosis inducida por cocaína en una persona con esquizofrenia y masticadora de hojas de coca / Cocaine-induced psychosis as a misdiagnosis in a patient with schizophrenia and coca leavechewing

En el Perú existe una elevada prevalencia de trastornos por consumo de estimulantes y aunque no existen estadísticas precisas, puede asumir se la ocurrencia de múltiples casos de psicosis inducida por el consumo declorhidrato de cocaína o pasta básica de cocaína. Por otro lado, la masticación de hojas de coca constituye partedel acervo cultural e histórico de un gran segmento de la población peruana. A propósito de un caso de confusión diagnóstica (un cuadro de esquizofrenia en un paciente masticador de hojas de coca diagnosticado erróneamente como psicosis inducida por cocaína, en base a la positividad de un examen de metabolitos urinarios de dichasustancia) revisamos razonablemente la bibliografía correspondiente al cuadro clínico de psicosis inducida por consumo de cocaína, su diagnóstico diferencial con otras psicosis, y las características de las pruebas de laboratorio para la detección de cocaína y sus derivados. Concluimos recomendando un mayor conocimiento e información respecto a los fenómenos asociados al consumo de la hoja de coca y de la cocaína, por parte del personal de salud, a fin de prevenir confusiones diagnósticas como la del caso aquí reportado.

In Peru, there is a high prevalence of stimulant use disorders and thus, although no accurate statistics are available, multiple cases of psychoses induced by cocaine hydrochloride and cocaine paste intake may occur. Moreover, chewing of dry coca leaves is part of the cultural and historical heritage of a large segment of the Peruvian population. On the basis of a case of psychiatric misdiagnosis (a primary schizophrenic psychosis in a chewer of coca leaves, misdiagnosed as cocaine-induced psychosis based on an positive test of urinary cocaine metabolites), we review pertinent literature on the clinical presentation of cocaine-induced psychosis and its differential diagnosis with other psychoses, and the characteristics of the laboratory tests used for the detection of cocaine and its metabolites. As a conclusion, the suggestion is made that health and mental health workers should have more information and knowledge about the phenomena associated with the consumption of coca leaves and cocaine, in order to avoid misdiagnosis similar to the reported case.

Os alcances e limites da medicalização do risco para a psicose: a emergência de uma nova categoria? / Scope and limits of medicalization of the risk for psychosis: emergence of a new category?

O objetivo do artigo consistiu em discutir a medicalização do risco para a psicose; especificamente, a construção de uma nova categoria diagnóstica quevem sendo realizada pela força-tarefa de elaboração do DS M-5, nomeada “síndrome de risco para a psicose” e,mais recentemente, “síndrome dos sintomas psicóticos atenuados”. A metodologia utilizada foi a revisãobibliográfica. Foi realizado um breve relato da genealogia do risco na psiquiatria. Na parte inicial do artigo, procurou-se discutir a medicalização de uma forma mais geral, focandosobre os aspectos do controle social e das tecnologias do self, sob uma ótica foucaultiana. Posteriormente, foi dadaênfase ao processo da medicalização do risco para a psicose; em especial, à construção de uma categoria relacionadaa esse risco. Dentre os alcances desse processo, destacouse a possibilidade de se intervir precocemente na psicosee com isso retardar seu início. Ainda não está claro se a intervenção precoce pode reduzir a gravidade do quadroquando instalado ou mesmo impedir seu aparecimento. Quanto aos limites, mostrou-se o risco de se produzir umahipermedicalização com a construção da categoria, levando ao uso indiscriminado de medicamentos neurolépticos e aos riscos relacionados a esse uso, bem como à estigmatizaçãodos indivíduos incluídos na categoria. Foi mostrado também o problema do elevado número de indivíduos “falsospositivos”, ou seja, indivíduos que serão categorizados e mais tarde não desenvolverão qualquer transtorno psicótico. Procurou-se com o trabalho estabelecer uma crítica consistente à construção da categoria nosológica em questão.

Trillizos y adicciones / Triplets and adictions

En diversos estudios científicos se ha verificado que la adicción, así como otros trastornos psiquiátricos, está influenciada por la carga genética heredada. Así mismo, se postula la presencia de brotes psicóticos en relación al consumo de marihuana y se describe una elevada tasa de comorbilidad de otros trastornos psiquiátricos en pacientes adictos. Presentamos a tres hermanos trillizos que desarrollaron adicción a marihuana, esquizofrenia, trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo, depresión, dismorfofobia y conducta disocial. El factor genético y el ambiental contribuirían a la activación de genes adictivos heredados, a la transición del uso al abuso, a la adicción a sustancias psicoactivas y a la activación de genes relacionados a otros trastornos psiquiátricos comórbidos.

In scientific studies it has been verified that the addiction, as well as other psychiatric disorders, is influenced by the inherited genetic burden. It is also postulated the presence of psychotic outbreaks in relation to the use of marijuana and a high rate of comorbidity of other psychiatric disorders in addicted patients was described. We present three triplets who developed addiction to marijuana, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, dysmorphophobia and antisocial behavior. Environmental and genetic factors would contribute to the activation of genes inherited addictive, to the transition from use to abuse and addiction to psychoactive substances, and to the activation of genes related to other comorbid psychiatric disorders.

Psicosis inducida por corticoides en un adolescente: reporte de un caso clínico / Corticosteroid – induced psychosis in an adolescent: a clinical case report

La psicosis inducida por corticoides es una entidad clínica muy poco frecuente dentro de la práctica psiquiátrica infanto-juvenil. Presentamos el caso de un adolescente de 14 años que recibió terapia corticoidal intramuscular, endovenosa y oral para tratar un cuadro alérgico, que debuta posteriormente con un episodio psicótico a los pocos días de haber finalizado dicho tratamiento. Se muestrla presentación clínica, el enfrentamiento diagnóstico-terapéutico inicial, el manejo de especialidad y el seguimiento posterior.

The Corticosteroid induced psychosis is a rare clinical entity within the child and adolescent psychiatric practice. We report a case of a 14 years adolescent that received intramuscular, intravenous and oral corticosteroid therapy to treat an allergy, who debuts later with a psychotic episode a few days after finishing such treatment. It is shown the clinical presentation, the initial diagnostic and therapeutic confrontation, the specialist management and the follow up.

Abuso de cannabis em pacientes com transtornos psiquiátricos: atualização para uma antiga evidência: [revisão] / Cannabis abuse in patients with psychiatric disorders: an update to old evidence: [review]

OBJETIVO: Realizar uma atualização sobre o abuso de cannabis em pacientes com transtornos psiquiátricos. MÉTODO: Busca de artigos nas bases de dados eletrônicas Medline, The Cochrane Library Database, Lilacs, PubMed e SciELO, utilizando os descritores "marijuana abuse", "cannabis abuse", "psychiatric disorders" AND "mental disorders"; incluindo artigos que avaliaram ambas as exposições para abuso e dependência de cannabis e qualquer outro transtorno psiquiátrico. Foi considerado o período até dezembro de 2009. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que o abuso frequente de cannabis pode aumentar o risco para o desenvolvimento de esquizofrenia e de sintomas psicóticos crônicos, embora estes achados ainda careçam de comprovação. A cannabis parece ser uma das drogas de escolha de portadores de transtorno afetivo bipolar, sendo que é descrito que estados maníacos podem ser induzidos pelo seu consumo. O abuso de maconha também frequentemente co-ocorre em indivíduos com transtornos ansiosos, sendo que a relação de cronicidade destas condições e o consumo de maconha ainda é incerta. Para depressão ainda não existem evidências claras que apontem que o consumo de cannabis ocorre como forma de automedicação. Em indivíduos com transtornos psiquiátricos, há relatos de que o uso da cannabis pode exacerbar sintomas positivos, somar efeitos negativos no curso do transtorno, contribuir para pior adesão ao tratamento e levar a maior número de hospitalizações. CONCLUSÃO: O abuso de cannabis em pacientes com transtornos psiquiátricos como esquizofrenia, transtornos do humor e ansiosos tem impacto negativo tanto na fase aguda quanto em fases mais avançadas destas condições, embora futuros estudos avaliando estas associações ainda sejam necessários.

OBJECTIVE: To perform an update on cannabis abuse by patients with psychiatric disorders. METHOD: A search was performed in the electronic databases Medline, The Cochrane Library Database, Lilacs, PubMed, and SciELO, using the keywords 'marijuana abuse', 'cannabis abuse', 'psychiatric disorders', and 'mental disorders'. Articles published until December 2009, dealing with cannabis abuse and dependence in association with other psychiatric disorders were included. RESULTS: Cannabis abuse was found to be associated with increased risk for the onset of schizophrenia and chronic psychotic symptoms, although these findings require confirmation from additional research. Cannabis seems to be one of the drugs of choice of individuals with bipolar disorder, despite evidence that manic states can be induced by its use. Cannabis abuse also occurs frequently in individuals with anxiety disorders, but the relationship between the chronic nature of these conditions and the use of marijuana remains uncertain. In respect to depression, there is no clear evidence to date that depressive patients use cannabis as a form of self-medication. In individuals with psychiatric disorders, the use of cannabis has been associated with increased positive symptoms, additional negative symptoms in the course of illness, impaired treatment compliance, and more hospitalizations. CONCLUSION: The abuse of cannabis by patients with psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and mood and anxious disorders has a negative impact both in the acute and advanced stages of these conditions, although further investigation on this association is still necessary.

Abordajes terapeuticos en drogadependencia: un estudio bibliográfico, cualitativo y longitudinal año 2009 / Therapeutic approaches in drug addiction: a literature review, qualitative and longitudinal in 2009

Este trabajo está basado en una investigación bibliográfica para la cual consulté diversas fuentes e historias clínicas de mis pacientes. El objetivo fue indagar sobre los abordajes terapéuticos en drogadependencias, haciendo una revisión histórica sobre antecedentes de los enfoques en drogas y sus aspectos legales; drogadependencia implica elementos diferentes: una droga capaz de producir dependencia y una persona que dependa de ella. Es por tanto imprescindible realizar un recorrido sobre la construcción de la personalidad dependiente; debemos indagar los abordajes terapéuticos actuales con sus diferentes enfoques: tipo y nivel de tratamiento (residencial, con internación, ambulatorios); con terapias (individuales, grupales, familiares); con orientación (médica, psicológica, psiquiátrica, con apoyo pedagógico); con abordajes simples y multimodal (médico, farmacológico y terapia psicológica) etc. Lo importante es la toma de conciencia de enfermedad y la realización de un tratamiento, que deberá estar adaptado a cada persona en particular teniendo en cuenta la problemática que presenta, las necesidades particulares y en definitiva su contexto, haciendo un abordaje biopsicosocial. Diferentes variables determinaran los resultados del tratamiento y su cumplimiento determina buen pronóstico.

Use of clozapine in Brazilian patients with Parkinson's disease / Uso da clozapina em pacientes brasileiros com doença de Parkinson

Clozapine has been used as an attempt to manage levodopa complications in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). To investigate the use of clozapine in this context in a Brazilian sample, a retrospective chart review was carried out at the Movement Disorders Clinic from the Federal University of Minas Gerais. This study enrolled 43 PD patients who used or were in use of clozapine. Patients had a mean age of 64 years and a mean UPDRS score of 55. Clozapine was indicated for dyskinesias in 17 patients, for psychosis in 15 and for both reasons in 11. The average maximum dose was 70 mg/day. Twenty six patients used it for a mean of 3.5 years. Twenty nine presented an improvement of their condition, 9 remained clinically stable. Twenty subjects interrupted the use of clozapine, being 9 due to adverse effects. Clozapine may play a role in the management of motor and psychiatric complications in PD, but it is associated with low tolerability.

A clozapina vem sendo utilizada na doença de Parkinson (DP) avançada para controle das complicações causadas pela levodopa. Com o objetivo de investigar o emprego da clozapina nesse contexto em amostra de pacientes brasileiros, um estudo retrospectivo foi realizado no Ambulatório de Distúrbios do Movimento da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Este estudo incluiu 43 pacientes que usaram clozapina, apresentando idade média de 64 anos e uma média de 55 pontos no UPDRS. A clozapina foi indicada para discinesias em 17 pacientes, para psicose em 15 e para ambos os motivos em 11. A média da dose máxima empregada foi de cerca de 70 mg/dia. Vinte e seis pacientes usaram a medicação por uma média de 3,5 anos. Houve melhora do quadro clínico em 29 pacientes, 9 permaneceram com quadro clínico estático. O tratamento foi interrompido em 20 pessoas, sendo 9 por efeitos adversos. Apesar de a clozapina ser eficaz no controle das complicações motoras e psiquiátricas na DP, seu uso está associado com baixa tolerabilidade.